Psychology 110-04 Lecture 9 Motivation & Emotion

  1. Sexual orientation is an emotionally charged issue
    1. Conservative religious see it as sin, past classified as deviant, decidedly different
    2. Continuum between heterosexual, to bisexual, to homosexual
    3. Acquiring orientation part of the nature vs. nurture controversy
      1. Nurture (environmental)
        1. Freud male, weak father, overprotective binding mother, boy identifies with mother
        2. Behaviorists, acquired behavior pairing arousal with same sex partner
              1. Transsexual stereotype behaviors indicators, conflict over identity
      2. Nature (biological)
        1. Twins studies indicate higher incidence in identical twins
        2. Some chromosomal linkage (Hamer, 93)
        3. Anatomical differences in brain (LeVay, 91,93)
        4. Chemical effects (DES in pregnancy Breedlove, 94)
      3. Interactionist
        1. Both environmental and biological (Bem, 96)
        2. Emotional to sexual arousal connection
        3. Conversion of discomfort into attraction (Peplau, 98)
        4. Discrimination and persecution
  2. Sexual Response
    1. Masters and Johnson, '60s
    2. Scientific study, direct measurements and observation
      1. 4 stages,
        1. excitement, autonomic response, vasocongestion swelling of organs
        2. plateau, slower buildup, fluctuation,
        3. orgasm, peak intensity, discharge, contractions
          1. women & multiple orgasms
          2. women less likely
        4. resolution, subsidence, possible discomfort w/o orgasm, latency period
  3. Affiliation
    1. Need to associate, evolutionary basis (Baumeister & Leary, 95)
    2. Murray TAT, projective test, themes with affiliation usually strong.
        1. Changes importance of acceptance
  4. Achievement
    1. Need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards of excellence
    2. McClelland, 53 use TAT to derive nAch, drive!
        1. Individual differences
    3. Correlates with career success and upward social mobility
    4. Cultural differences
    5. Situational determinants
      1. Individual motivation
      2. Probability of success
      3. Incentive value of success
    6. Fear of failure
      1. Some driven to avoid failure, push-pull
  5. Motivation-emotion connection
    1. Emotion
      1. Involves a subjective conscious experience (cognitive), bodily arousal (physiology), overt expression (behavioral).
    2. Cognitive
      1. Elicited and not expressed
      2. Personal and subjective
      3. Evaluative aspect, pleasant or unpleasant
    3. Physiological
      1. Emotions accompanied by visceral arousal
      2. Sympathetic- Fight, Autonomic-Flight
      3. GSR, polygraphs, other physiological detectors
      4. Neural circuits
        1. Limbic system, hypothalamus, amygdala (LeDoux, 86,93,96)
        2. Lesion studies indicate central role
    4. Behavioral
      1. Body language, non-verbal
      2. Facial expressions Ekman, Friesen, can read other person's face
      3. Poker face, hiding emotions for fun and profit
      4. Facial feedback hypothesis, part of subjective experience, correlate with reports
      5. Innate
    5. Cultural effects
      1. Facial, body language same in many cultures
        1. Differences certain emotions "missing" in cultures, no form of expression.
  6. Theories of emotion
      1. James-Lange
        1. Conscious experience of emotion results in perception of autonomic arousal
      2. Cannon-Baird
        1. Based on physiological, subcortical, misdirection studies
      3. Schacter Two-Factor Theory
        1. Autonomic response
        2. Cognitive interpretation
      4. Evolutionary theories
        1. Darwin(1892) saw emotions as adaptive
        2. Plutchik's model
        3. 10 emotion "color solid"
  7. Perspective
    1. Spice of Life
    2. Increase intensity
    3. Much of what makes us human
    4. Why sex & emotion closely tied

 

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