American Regionalisms,

Ethnic and Social Dialects--

African-Americans:

A Citation List

 

Compiled by

Martin Kich

English Department

Wright State University-Lake Campus

 

 

A., Julie. "Variable Use of African American English across Two Language Sampling Contexts." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41(Oct. 1998): 1115-1124.

Abron, J.M.  "Reflections of a Former Oakland Public School Parent."  Black Scholar  27,2(1997):  15-20.

Abu-Jamal, M.  The Mother Tongue: Black English Revisited."  Black Scholar  27,1(1997):  26-27.

Alleyne, Mervyn C.  Comparative Afro-American: An Historical-Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World.  Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma, 1980.

---.  "Continuity versus Creativity in Afro-American Language and Culture."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  167-181.

"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Paper on Social Dialects."  Reprinted In:   Ebonics.  Special Issue of Journal of English Linguistics  26(June 1998).

Amselle, Jorge.  "Bilingual Education's 'Filler' Kids" [on Ebonics in the Oakland School District].  Headway  10(Apr. 1998):  22.

Anderson, Monica Frazier. Black English Vernacular: From "Ain't" to "Yo Mama": The Words Politically Correct Americans Should Know. Highland City, FL: Rainbow, 1994.

Andrew, Malachi, and Paul T. Owens. Black Language. Los Angeles: Seymour-Smith, 1973.

Anshen, Frank S.  Speech Variation among Negroes in a Small Southern Community.  Doctoral Dissertation, 1974.  New York U.

Asante, Molefi K. Language, Communication, and Rhetoric in Black America. New York: Harper, 1972.

Awkward, Michael.  "Learning to Trust the Language I Thought I'd Left Behind."  Chronicle of Higher Education 46(21 Jan. 2000): B, 10.

Babcock, Clarence Merton. A Word-List from Zora Neale Hurston. Tuscaloosa, AL: American Dialect Society, 1963.

Bailey, Beryl Loftman.  "A New Perspective on American Negro Dialectology."  American Speech  40(1965):  171-177.

---.  "Language and Communication Styles of Afro-American Children in the United States."  Florida Reporter  Spring/Summer 1969.

---.  "Some Aspects of the Impact of Linguistics on Language Teaching in Disadvantaged Communities."  Elementary English  45(1968): 570-577.

Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila, eds. The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary. Creole Language Library, Vol. 8.  Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1991.

Bailey, Guy, and Erik Thomas.  "Some Aspects of African-American Vernacular English Phonology."  African-American English: Structure, History, and Use.  Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh.  London: Routledge, 1998.  85-109.

Baker, H.A.  Workings of the Spirit: The Poetics of Afro-American Women's Writing.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992.

Baldwin, James.  Evidence of Things Unseen.  New York: Holt, 1985.

---.  "If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me What Is?"  Rethinking Schools  12,1(1997): 16-17.

Banks, Ruth.  "Idioms of the Present-Day American Negro."  American Speech  13(Dec. 1938):  313-314.

Barnes, Sandra L.  "Ebonics and Public Awareness."  Journal of Black Studies  29(Sep. 1998):  17-33.

Baugh, John.  Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice.  New York:  Oxford UP, 2000.

---.  "Language and Race: Some Implications for linguistic Science."  The Cambridge Survey: Vol. IV.  Language: The Socio-Cultural Context.  Ed. F.J. Newmeyer.  New York: Cambridge U P, 1988.  64-74.

---.  "The Law, Linguistics, and Education: Educational Reform for African American Language Minority Students."  Linguistics and Education  7(1995): 87-105.

---.  "Linguistics, Education, and the Law: Educational Reform for African-American Minority Students."  African-American English: Structure, History, and Use.  Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh.  London: Routledge, 1998.  282-301.

---.  "New and Prevailing Misconceptions of African American English for Logic and Mathematics."  Teaching Diverse Populations: Formulating a Knowledge Base.  Eds. E. R. Hollins, J. E. King, and W. C. Hayman.  New York: SUNY P, 1994.  191-208.

---.  Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice.  Austin, TX: U of Texas P, 1999.

"Changing Terms of Self-Reference among American Slave Descendants."  79-85.

"Come Again: Discourse Functions in African American Vernacular English."  111-122.

"Educational Malpractice and the Ebonics Controversy."  41-66.

"Hypocorrection: Mistakes in the Production of African American Vernacular English as a Second Dialect."  123-134.

"Language and Race: Some Implications of Bias for Linguistic  Science."  7-12.

"Linguistic Discrimination and American Justice."  67-76.

"Linguistic Perceptions in Black and White: Racial Identification Based on Speech."  135-148.

"The Politics of Black Power Handshakes."  79-85.

"Reading, Writing, and Rap: Lyric Shuffle and Other Motivational Strategies to Introduce and Reinforce Literacy."  31-40.

"Research Trends for African American Vernacular English: Anthropology, Education, and Linguistics."  151-162.

"Some Common Misconceptions about African American Vernacular English."  3-6.

"Steady Progressive Aspect in African American Vernacular English."  101-110.

"Why What Works Has Not Worked for Nontraditional Students."  15-30.

---.  "The Shot Heard from Ann Arbor Language Research and Public Policy in African America."  Howard Journal of Communications  13(Jan./Mar. 2002): 5-24.

Bernstein, B.  "Social Class and Linguistic Development: A Theory of Social Learning."  Education, Economy, and Society.  Eds. A.H. Halsey, J. F-loud, and C.A. Anderson.  New York: Free P, 1961.

Blackshire-Belay, Carol Aisha, ed. Language and Literature in the African American Imagination. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992.

---.  "The Location of Ebonics within the Framework of the Africology Paradigm."  Journal of Black Studies  27,1(1996):  5-23.

Boretzky, Norbert.  "The Concept of Rule, Rule Borrowing, and Substrate Influence on Creole Languages."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  74-92.

Brasch, Walter M. Black English and the Mass Media.  Doctoral Dissertation, 1974.  Ohio.

Brashear, Rebecca Sue. The Knowledge of Semantic Intent of White and Black Dialect Terms by Black and White Sixth Grade Students. 1972.

Brewer, Jeutonne P.  "Song, Sermons, and Life Stories: The Legacy of the Ex-Slave Narratives."  The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary.  Eds. Guy Bailey, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila.  Creole Language Library, Vol. 8.  Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1991.

Burling, Robbins.  English in Black and White.  New York: Holt, 1973.

Bush, Vanessa.  Rev. of Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English, by John Russell Rickford.  Booklist  1 Feb. 2000: 1000-1001.

Butters, Ronald R. The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars. New York: Lang, 1989.

Byrne, Francis.  "Rules, Language Contact, Substrate, and What Not: A Reply to Boretzky."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  93-106.

Caponi, Gena Dagel. "The Case for an African American Aesthetic."  Signifyin', Sanctifyin', and Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture.  Ed. Gena Dagel Caponi.  Amherst, MA: U of Massachusetts P, 1999. 1-44.

---, ed.  Signifyin', Sanctifyin', and Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture.  Amherst, MA: U of Massachusetts P, 1999.

Carrington, Lawrence D.  "On the Notion of 'Africanism' in Afro-American."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  35-46.

Carter, Hazel.  "Vowel Length in Afro-American Development or Retention?"    Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  328-345.

Chrisman, Robert, ed.  Ebonics I.  Special Issue of The Black Scholar 27(Spring 1997).

---.  Ebonics II.  Special Issue of Journal of Black Studies and Research  27(Summer 1997).

Claerbaut, David. Black Jargon in White America. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1972.

---.   Black Jargon in White America.  Master's Thesis, 1970.  Michigan.

Clark, Rickie. The Street Dictionary: Featuring Hip Hop and Gang Terms. Indianapolis, IN: Clark, 1997.

Coe, Elizabeth Beaubien. Assessing Afro-American English Comprehension by Student Teachers Whose Mother Tongue Is Mainstream English. 1984.

Cullinan, Bernice E., and Margaret Kocher, eds. Black Dialects and Reading. Papers Presented at a Conference Held in May 1972 in New York and Sponsored by the Language and Reading Commission, New York University.  Urbana, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills, 1974.

Cullinan, Bernice, A. Jagger, and D. Strickland.  "Oral Language Expansion in the Primary Grades."  Black Dialects and Reading.  Ed. B. Cullinan.  Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1974.

Dalby, David.  "The African Element in Black American English."  The Function of Language in the Classroom.  Eds. Courtney Cazden, Vera John-Steiner, and Dell Hymes.  New York: Teachers College P, 1972.

---.  Black through White: Patterns of Communication in Africa and the New World.  Bloomington, IN: U of Indiana P, 1969.

Dandy, Evelyn Baker.  Black Communications: Breaking Down the Barriers.  Chicago: African-American Images, 1991.

Daniel, Jack L., ed.  Black Communication: Dimensions of Research and Instruction.  New York: Speech Communication Association, 1974.

Daniels, Harvey A., ed.  Not Only English: Affirming America's Multilingual Heritage.  Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1990.

Debose, Charles E.  "Codeswitching: Black English and Standard English in the African-American Linguistic Repetoire."  Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development  13(1992): 157-167.

DeBose, Charles E., and Nicholas Faraclas.  "An Africanist Approach to the Linguistic Study of Black English: Getting to the Roots of the Tense-Aspect-Modality and Copula Systems in Afro-American."   Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  364-387.

Deser, Toni.  Dialect Transmission: An Analysis of Vowels in Six Urban Detroit Families.  Bloomington, IN: Indiana U Linguistics Club, 1991.

DeStefano, Johanna S.  Language, Society, and Education: A Profile of Black English.  International Series in Education.  Worthington, OH: C. A. Jones, 1973.

The Dialect of the Black American.  Audio Recording.  Western Electric Co., 1970.

Dickens, Milton, and Granville M. Sawyer.  "An Experimental Comparison of Vocal Quality among Mixed Groups of Whites and Negroes."  Southern Speech Journal  17(1952): 178-185.

Dijkhoff, Marta B.  "Language as a Struggle for Survival: A Discussion of Gilman's Paper."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  403-405.

Dillard, J.L.  Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States.  New York: Random, 1972.

---.  "Black English in New York."  English Record  Spring 1971.

---.  "The Creolist and the Study of Nonstandard Negro Dialect in the United States."  Pidginization and Creolization of Languages.  Ed. Hymes.  London: 1970.

---.  "The English Teacher and the Language of the Newly Integrated Student."  Teachers College Record  69(1967):  115-120.

---.  "Negro Children's Dialect in the Inner City."  Florida FL Reporter  5, 3(1967).

---.  "Negro Nonstandard Dialects: Convergence or Divergence?"  Afro-American Anthropology.  Eds. Szwed and Whitten.  New York:  1970.

---.  "On the Beginnings of Black English in the New World."  Orbis  1972.

---, ed.  Perspectives on Black English.  Contributions to the Sociology of Language, No. 4.  The Hague: Mouton, 1975.

---.  "The Relative Value of Ex-Slave Narratives: A Discussion of Schneider's Paper."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  222-234.

---.  "The Writings of Heskovits and the Study of New World Negro Language."  Caribbean Studies  4(1964): 35-42.

Doreski, Carole. Writing America Black: Race Rhetoric in the Public Sphere. New York: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Dorrill, George T. Black and White Speech in the South: Evidence from the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. New York: Lang, 1986.

---.  "Phonological Features in Negro and White Speech in Two South Carolina Communities."  Paper Presented at the Conference on Language Variety and Its Implications for American Cultural Pluralism.  University of Chicago, 1977.

Doss, R.C., and A.M. Gross.  "The Effects of Black English and Code-Switching on Interracial Perceptions."  Journal of Black Psychology  29(1994): 282-293.

DuBois, W. E. B.  The Souls of Black Folk.  1903.  New York: Vintage, 1990.

Dunlap, Howard G. Social Aspects of a Verb Form: Native Atlanta Fifth-Grade Speech-The Present Tense of Be. Tuscaloosa, AL: American Dialect Society, 1977.

Dyson, Michael E.  Race Rules: Navigating the Color Line.  New York: Basic, 1997.

Entman, Robert M., and Andrew Rojecki.  The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2000.

Escott, Paul D.  "Speaking of Slavery: The Historical Value of the Recordings with Slaves."  The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary.  Eds. Guy Bailey, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila.  Creole Language Library, Vol. 8.  Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1991.

Ewers, Traute. The Origins of American Black English: Be-Forms in the Hoodoo Texts.  New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.

Fab 5 Freddy. Fresh Fly Favor: Words and Phrases of the Hip-Hop Generation. Stamford, CT: Longmeadow, 1992.

Farrison, William Edward.  The Phonology of the Illiterate Negro Dialect of Guilford County, North Carolina.  Doctoral Dissertation, 1936.  Ohio State.

Fasold, Ralph W.  "Tense amd the Form be in Black English."  Language  45(1969):  763-776.

---.  Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1972.

Fasold, Ralph W., and Walt Wolfram.  "Some Linguistic Features of Negro Dialect."  Teaching Standard English in the Inner City.  Ed. Ralph W. Fasold and Roger W. Shuy.  Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1970.

Feagin, Crawford M.  Change and Variation in Alabama English.  Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1979.

Feigenbaum, I.  "The Use of Nonstandard English in Teaching Standard Contrasts and Comparison." In Stoller.

Fickett, Joan G.  Aspects of Morphemics, Syntax, and Semology of an Inner-City Dialect, "Merican."  West Rush, NY:  1970.

Folb, Edith A.  Black Vernacular Vocabulary: A Study of Intra/Intercultural Concerns and Usage.  Afro/American Studies Monograph Series, No. 5.  Los Angeles: U of California, Center for Afro-American Studies, 1973.

Ford, John Carnell.  Polydialectism, Black English, and the Issue of Standard English.  1974.

Fordham, S., and J. Ogbu.  "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of Acting White."  Urban Review  3(1986): 176-206.

Foster, Michele.  "Talkin' That Talk: The Language of Control, Curriculum, and Critique."  Linguistics in Education  7(1995): 129-150.

Foster, Michele, and Tryphenia Peele. "Teaching and Learning in the Contexts of African American English and Culture." Education and Urban Society 31(Feb. 1999): 177-189.

Fox, Steven.  "The Controversy over Ebonics."  Phi Beta Kappa  79(Nov. 1997): 237-240.

Fries, C.C.  American English Grammar: The Grammatical Structure of Present-Day American English with Especial Reference to Social Differences or Class Dialects.  New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1940.

Gay, Judith L.  Comprehension and Production of Standard and Nonstandard English.  Master's Thesis, 1974.  Bowling Green.

Gilbert, Glenn G.  "Historical Development of the Creole Origin Hypothesis of Black English: The Pivotal Role of Melville J. Herskovits."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  458-475.

Gilman, Charles.  "Black Identity, Homeostasis, and Survival: African and Metropolitan Speech Varieties in the New World."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  388-402.

Goodman, Morris.  "African Substream: Some Cautionary Words."  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  64-73.

Gopaul-McNichol, Sharon-Ann.  "African-American Education and the Ebonics Issue."  Journal of Negro Education  67(Winter 1998):  2-4.

Gopaul-McNichol, Sharon-Ann, and Grace Reid.  "The Psychoeducational Assessment of Ebonics Speakers: Issues and Challenges."  Journal of Negro Education  67(Winter 1998):  16-25.

Graham, Graylen Todd.  Black English (Ebonics): Selected Bibliography.  ED404674, 1997.

Graves, Richard Layton. Language Differences among Upper- and Lower-Class Negro and White Eighth Graders in East Central Alabama. 1967.

Green, Charles, and Ian Isidore Smart.  "Ebonics as Cultural Resistance."  Peace Review  9(Dec. 1997):  521-526.

Green, Lisa.  "Aspect and Predicate Phrases in African-American Vernacular English."  African-American English: Structure, History, and Use.  Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh.  London: Routledge, 1998.  37-68.

---.  "Remote Past and States in Afro-American English."  American Speech  73(Summer 1998):  115.

Gundaker, Grey.  Signs of Diaspora, Diaspora of Signs: Literacies, Creolization, and Vernacular Practices in African America.  New York: Oxford U P, 1998.

Hall, H. N.  "What the Negro Thinks of Amos 'n' Andy."  Thinker  4(Dec. 1931):  53-56.

Hall, Patrick A.  "The Ebonics Debate: Are We Speaking the Same Language?"  Black Scholar  27,2(1997):  12-14.

---.  "I Can't Spell Cat, but My Self-Esteem Is High!"  America  5-12 July 1997: 14-15.

---.  "Not African-American, Just Americans."  Headway  9(Nov. 1997):  37-38.

Hall, William S., and Roy O. Freedle.  Culture and Language: The Black American Experience.  Washington, DC: Hemisphere/New York: Halstead, 1975.

Hancock, Ian F.  "Gullah and Barbadian: Origins and Relationships."  American Speech  55(1980): 17-35.

Harber, J. R., and J. N. Beatty.  Reading and the Black English-Speaking Child.  Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 1978.

Harper, Frederick D., and Kisha Braithwaite.  "Ebonics and Academic Achievement: The Role of the Counselor."  Journal of Negro Education  67(Winter 1998):  25-34.

Harris, V.J.  "Contemporary Griots: African-American Writers of Children's Literature."  Teaching Multicultural Literature in Grades K-8.  Ed. V.J. Harris.  Norwood, MA:  Christopher-Gordon, 1992.  55-169.

Harrison, Deborah Sears, and Tom Trabasso, eds.  Black English: A Seminar. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1976.

Harrison, J.A.  "Negro English."  Anglia  7(1984):  232-279.

Haskins, James, and Hugh F. Butts. The Psychology of Black Language. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1973.

Hecht, Michael L., Mary Jane Collier, and Sidney A. Ribeau.  African American Communication: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Interpretation.  Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993.

Heller, Scott.  "Verbatim: An Interview with Steven Parks."  Chronicle of Higher Education  14 Apr. 2000: A, 32.

Herriford, Merle.  "Slang among Nebraska Negroes."  American Speech  13(Dec. 1938):  316-317.

Hilliard, A. G.  "Psychological Factors Associated with Language in the Education of the African-American Child."  Journal of Negro Education  52(1983):  24-34.

Hollie, Sharroky.  "Acknowledging the Language of African-American Students: Instructional Strategies."  English Journal  90(Mar. 2001): 54-59.

Holloway, Jospeh E., and Winifred K. Vass African Heritage of American English. Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1993.

Holm, John.  "The Atlantic Creoles and the Language of the Ex-Slave Recordings."  The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary.  Eds. Guy Bailey, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila.  Creole Language Library, Vol. 8.  Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1991.

Holmes, U. T.  "A Study in Negro Onomastics."  American Speech  5(Aug. 1930):  463-467.

Holt, Grace Sims.  "Stylin' Outta the Black Pulpit."  Signifyin', Sanctifyin', and Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture.  Ed. Gena Dagel Caponi.  Amherst, MA: U of Massachusetts P, 1999.  331-347.

Hoover, Mary Rhodes.  "A Recommended Reading List for Teachers of Students Who Speak Ebonics."  Journal of Negro Education  67(Winter 1998):  43-47.

Houston, Susan H.  "A Sociolinguistic Consideration of Children in Northern Florida."  Language  45(Sep. 1969).

Huang, Xiaozhao.  A Study of African-American Vernacular English in America's "Middletown": Evidence of Linguistic Convergence.  Lewiston, ME: Mellen, 2000.

Hudson, Arthur Palmer.  "Some Curious Negro Names."  Southern Folklore Quarterly  2(Dec. 1938):  179-193.

Hudson, Barbara Hill.  African American Female Speech Communities: Varieties of Talk.  Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2001.

"Adjectives," 67-82.

"Adverbs," 83-116.

"Bad Language," 181-198.

"Bibliography," 221-230.

"Expressive Behavior," 161-180.

"Forms of Address," 117-132.

"Introduction," 1-8.

"Language Use," 199-220.

"Phonological Structures," 9-26.

"Standard Structures," 57-66.

"Vernacular Structures--AAVE," 27-38.

"Vernacular Structures--NSE," 39-56.

"Word Choice and Wordplay," 133-160.

Hurston, Zora Neale.  "Characteristics of Negro Expression."  Signifyin', Sanctifyin', and Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture.  Ed. Gena Dagel Caponi.  Amherst, MA: U of Massachusetts P, 1999.  293-308.

Hutchinson, E.O.  "The Fallacy of Ebonics."  Black Scholar  27(1997):  36-37.

Huttar, George.  "Identifying Africanisms in New World Languages: How Specific Can We Get?"  Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties.  Eds. Salikoko S. Mufwene and Nancy Condon.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, 1993.  47-63.

Jackson, D. Munyungo.  The Nu Naybahood Funetic Ebonic Dictionary.  Los Angeles, Milligan, 1998.

Jackson, J.J.  "On Oakland's Ebonics: Some Say Gibberish, Some Say Slang, Some Say Dis, Den, Dat, It Be Mother Tongue."  black Scholar  27,1(1997):  18-25.

Jaggar, A. M.  The Effect of Native Dialect and Written Language Structure in Reading Comprehension in Negro and White Elementary School Children.  Doctoral Dissertation, 1971.  New York U.

Johnson, Fern L.  "Unacknowledged African Origins of English Usage: 'Origin Unknown' and Other Peculiar Etymologies."  Howard Journal of Communications  13(July 2002): 207-22.

Johnson, Sylvia T.  "The Evolution of Ebonics."  Journal of Negro Education  67(Winter 1998):  1.

Jonsberg, Sara Dalmas.  "What's a (White) Teacher To Do about Black English?"  English Journal  90(Mar. 2001): 51-53.

Kane, Elisha.  "The Negro Dialects along the Savannah River."  Dialect Notes  5(1925): 354-367.

Kautzsch, Alexander.  "Liberian Letters and Virginian Narratives: Negation Patterns in Two New Sources of Earlier African-American English."  American Speech  75(Spring 2000): 34-53.

Kernan, Claudia Mitchell. Language Behavior in a Black Urban Community. Berkeley, CA: U of California P/Language-Behavior Research Laboratory, 1971.

Key, Mary Richie. Black Engish: A Selected Bibliography.  ED081253, 1972.

Kochman, Thomas.  Boasting and Bragging: "Black" and "White."  Sociolinguistic Working Paper, No. 58.  Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, 1979.

---.  Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communications in Urban Black America.  Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1972.

Kretzschmar, William A., Jr., ed.  Ebonics.  Special Issue of Journal of English Linguistics  26(June 1998).

Labov, William.  "Co-Existent Systems in African-American Vernacular English."  African-American English: Structure, History, and Use.  Ed. Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh.  London: Routledge, 1998.  110-153.

---.  "Contraction, Deletion, and Inherent Variability of the English Copula."  Language  Dec. 1969.

---.  Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.  Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1972.

---.  "Linguistic Research on the Non-Standard English of Negro Children."  Problems and Practices in the New York City Schools.  Ed. A. Dore.  New York: 1965.

---.  "The Logic of Nonstandard English."  Language and Diversity in American Education.  Eds.  R. D. Abrahams and R. C. Troike.  Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1972.

---.  "The Non-Standard Negro Vernacular: Some Practical Suggestions."  Position Papers from Language Education for the Disadvantaged.  Report No. 3 of the NDEA National Institute for Advanced Study in Teaching Disadvantaged Youth.  June 1968.

---.  "The Reading of the -ed Suffix."  Basic Studies in Reading.  Ed. H. Levin.  1970.

---.  "Reflections of Social Processes in Linguistic Structures."  Readings in the Sociology of Language.  Ed. Joshua A. Fishman.  The Hague: 1968.

---.  "Rules for Ritual Insults."  Language and Expressive Role Behavior in the Black Inner-City.  Ed. T. Kochman.  Chicago: 1970.

---.  "Some Sources of Reading Problems for Negro Speakers of Nonstandard English."  New Directions in Elementary English.  Ed. A Frazier.  Champaign, IL: NCTE, 1967.

---.  "Stages in the Acquisition of Standard English."  Social Dialects and Language Learning.  Ed. Shuy.  Champaign, IL: NCTE, 1965.

---.  The Study of Non-Standard English.  Washington, DC: 1969.

---.  A Study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City. Philadelphia: U.S. Regional Survey, 1968.

---.  'Variation in Language."  The Learning of Language.  Ed. Carroll Reed.  Champaign, IL: NCTE, 1970.

Labov, William, and Paul Cohen.  "Systematic Relations of Standard and Non-Standard Rules in the Grammar of Negro Speakers."  Project Literary Reports No. 8.  Ithaca, NY: 1967.

Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robbins, and John Lewis.  A Preliminary Study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City.  U.S. Office of Education Cooperative Research Project No. 3288.  New York: 1965.

Lee, Margaret G.  "Out of the Hood and into the News: Borrowed Black Verbal Expressions in a Mainstream Newspaper."  American Speech  74(Winter 1999): 369-388.

Leffall, Dolores C., and James P. Johnson. Black English: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, DC: Minority Research Center, 1973.

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