Spiritual Revolution

I. Church reform movement--perfecting Christian society

A. Holier monks

1. Cluny Monastery (910)--free from secular power

2. Cistercians (12th century)--greater asceticism

3. Mendicants (13th century)--life of poverty

a. St. Francis and the Franciscans (Italy)

b. St. Dominic and the Dominicans (Spain)

B. Reformers capture the papacy

1. purification of the church

a. celibate clergy

b. attack on simony and pluralism

c. Pope elected by cardinals

2. declare the supremacy of the Pope over Christendom

1. hold the keys to salvation

2. most effective machinery of administration and justice

3. mendicant and crusading orders are loyal "troops"

4. popular enthusiasm of the spiritual revolution, especially crusades

3. Pope Gregory VII and the "Investiture Controversy" (1080s)

4. Pope Urban calls for crusade (1095) (more later)

C. Building Boom

1. new enthusiasm takes material form

a. more and larger monasteries, pilgrimage churches, & cathedrals

2. Romanesque style

a. Speyer Cathedral

b. St. Sernin Cathedral

II. New closeness to God

A. veneration of Mary

B. mysticism

C. Hildegard of Bingen is example of both

1. Song: Mary, Star of the Sea

III. Crusades

A. Motive of the Crusaders
1. Religious zeal of spiritual revolution
a. Crusaders are pilgrims
b. Power of relics
c. Papal indulgence
d. Apocalyptic ideas

2. Chivalry (honor and glory)

3. Legitimacy for kings and lords

4. Motives apparent in songs:
a. Chevalier, Mult Estes Guariz (2nd Crusade) 

B. Two Hundred Years of Crusades
1. Spontaneous crusades
a. Peter the Hermit and Count Emich of Leinengen
b. Attacks on Jews
2. Amazing First Crusade
a. led by Norman and French lords  
b. Battle of Doryleum (1098)
c. Siege at Antoch (help of Holy Lance)
d. Conquest of Jerusalem (1099) -- bloody massacre
3. Later Crusades to retain or regain Latin territories
a. Second crusade fails
b. Third crusade a draw
c. Fourth crusade leaves spins out of control
d. Fifth, Sixth and Seventh crusades of no consequence
e. Last of the Latin domains falls in 1291

IV. Legacy of the Crusades
A. New definition of chivalry
1. Fighting for God and church
2. crusading orders--fighting monks
a. Templars, Hospitalers, Teutonic Knights
3. holy war

B. Rise of anti-semitism

C. Ultimate failure of crusades undermines popes' claim to rule Europe