Spiritual Revolution

I. Church reform movement--perfecting Christian society

A. Holier monks

1. Cluny Monastery (910)--free from secular power

2. Cistercians (12th century)--greater asceticism

3. Mendicants (13th century)--life of poverty

a. St. Francis and the Franciscans (Italy)

b. St. Dominic and the Dominicans (Spain)

B. Purification of the Church

1. celibate clergy

2. attack on simony and pluralism

3. Pope elected by cardinals

C. Building Boom

1. new enthusiasm takes material form

a. more and larger monasteries, pilgrimage churches, & cathedrals

2. Romanesque style

a. Speyer Cathedral

b. St. Sernin Cathedral

II. New closeness to God

A. veneration of Mary

B. mysticism

C. Hildegard of Bingen is example of both

1. Song: Mary, Star of the Sea

III. Powerful Papacy

A. Reformers capture the papacy

1. institute church reforms already mentioned

2. declare the supremacy of the Pope over Christendom

a. Pope Gregory VII and the "Investiture Controversy" (1080s)

b. Pope Urban calls for crusade (1095) (more later)

B. Reasons for Papal power

1. hold the keys to salvation

2. most effective machinery of administration and justice

3. mendicant and crusading orders are loyal "troops"

4. popular enthusiasm of the spiritual revolution, especially crusades