I. Perfecting Christian society--the church reform movement
    A. Holier monks
        1. Cluny Monastery (910)--free from secular power   
        2. Cistercians (12th century)
             a.  Greater aceticism
        3. Mendicants (13th century)
             a. St. Francis and Franciscans (Italy)
             b. St. Dominic and the Dominicans (Spain) 

    B. New closeness to God
         1. Veneration of Mary
         2. Mysticism
         (3. Hildegard of Bingen is example of both)
           
    C. Purification of the church:
         1. Celibate clergy
         2. Attack on simony and pluralism
         3. Pope elected by cardinals

II. Building Boom
    A. New enthusiasm takes material forms
        1. more and larger monasteries, pilgrimmage churches and cathedrals 

    B. Romanesque style
        1. Cluny Abbey
        2. Speyer Cathedral

III. Reformed Papacy
    A. Reformers capture the papacy
    B. Proclaim power to rule Europe
        1. Pope Gregory VII and the "Investiture Controversy"
    C. Reasons for increased papal power
        1. Keys to salvation
        2. Effective machinery of government and justice
        3. Mendicant orders
            a. teachers and preachers
            b. service in the inquisition
        4. Marshalling knighthood for crusades