Reformation

I. Origins of the Reformation

                A. Ideals of humanism

                     1. expanding human knowledge

                     2. recovery of ancient texts--Scriptures

                     3. translation and printing of the Bible

                B. Troubles of the Church

                     1. Declining prestige and authority of Catholic Church

                     2. Political corruption of the Church

II. Luther's Revolt

                A. Friar and professor with profound doubts about himself

                     1. Asks how many works needed for salvation?

                     2. Derives from St. Paul the principle of salvation by faith

                               a. not unique to Luther

                B. Why Luther revolted

                     1. scandal of indulgences and "95 Theses" (1517)

                     2. church disregards Luther's arguments, called to recant

                     3. Now Luther is sure of himself

                               a. publishes series of pamphlets attacking church (1520)

                C. Luther's principles

                     1. Salvation by faith, not "works"

                     2. Priesthood of all believers

                     3. Earthly power of church should be removed

                D. Lutheranism takes root

                     1. Many German nobles adopt Lutheranism--why?

                     2. Appeals to middle classes

                     3. Peasants Revolts gain inspiration from Luther's revolt

                              a. Luther denounces peasants

                     4. Emperor Charles V fights Lutheran nobles

                              a. Peace of Augsburg (1555)

III. The Reformation Spreads

              A. Anabaptists

                   1. stricter Bible interpretation

                   2. greater rejection of worldly corruption

                   3. persecution of Anabaptists by authorities

              B. Calvinists

                   1. John Calvin--French priest and humanist scholar

                           a. exile to Geneva; leads the church there

                   2. Rigorous theology of salvation by grace

                              a. sovereignty of God

                              b. election and predestination

                              c. importance of personal conversion

                   3. Calvinism appeals especially to the educated middle classes

                              --and to those resisting Catholic authorities in France, Scotland, Holland and England

              C. Anglicanism

                  1. King Henry VIII's problem is his opportunity

                  2. The curious muddle called the Church of England

                              a. Queen Elizabeth establishes a moderate Protestantism

IV. Catholic Reformation

A. Ignatius Loyola--soldier of God

    1. Courtier and soldier

    2. admires the heroism of saints

    3. Society of Jesus (1540) and Spiritual Exercises (1548)

B. Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus) founded by Loyola

    1. self-discipline, personal experience of God and importance of learning--like Protestants

    2. ritual, mysticism and obedience--unlike Protestants

    3. humanism and science in the service of the Church

              a. Jesuits become the educators of the Catholic elite

                b. missions

C. Papal Reformation

    1. Roman Inquisition (1542)

    2. Council of Trent (1545-63)

                a. denounces Protestant doctrines

              b. clarifies Catholic principles

V. Protestantism and Catholicism in Visual Arts

A. Albrect D�rer's Four Apostles (1526) as an example of Lutheran ideals

              B.  El Greco's Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586) as an example of Catholic ideals