Reformation
I.
Origins of the Reformation
A.
Ideals of humanism
1. expanding
human knowledge
2. recovery
of ancient texts--Scriptures
3. translation
and printing of the Bible
B.
Troubles of the Church
1. Declining prestige
and authority of Catholic Church
2. Political corruption
of the Church
II.
Luther's Revolt
A.
Friar and professor with profound doubts about himself
1. Asks how many
works needed for salvation?
2. Derives from St.
Paul the principle of salvation by faith
a.
not unique to Luther
B.
Why Luther revolted
1. scandal
of indulgences and "95 Theses" (1517)
2. church
disregards Luther's arguments, called to recant
3. Now Luther is sure
of himself
a.
publishes series of pamphlets attacking church (1520)
C.
Luther's principles
1. Salvation by
faith, not "works"
2. Priesthood of all
believers
3. Earthly power of
church should be removed
D.
Lutheranism takes root
1. Many German nobles
adopt Lutheranism--why?
2. Appeals to middle
classes
3. Peasants Revolts
gain inspiration from Luther's revolt
a.
Luther denounces peasants
4. Emperor Charles V fights
Lutheran nobles
a.
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
III.
The Reformation Spreads
A.
Anabaptists
1. stricter
Bible interpretation
2. greater
rejection of worldly corruption
3. persecution
of Anabaptists by authorities
B.
Calvinists
1. John
Calvin--French priest and humanist scholar
a.
exile to Geneva; leads the church there
2. Rigorous theology
of salvation by grace
a.
sovereignty of God
b.
election and predestination
c.
importance of personal conversion
3. Calvinism appeals
especially to the educated middle classes
--and to those resisting Catholic authorities in France,
Scotland, Holland and England
C.
Anglicanism
1. King Henry VIII's problem is his opportunity
2. The curious muddle
called the Church of England
a.
Queen Elizabeth establishes a moderate Protestantism
IV. Catholic Reformation
A. Ignatius Loyola--soldier of God
1.
Courtier and soldier
2.
admires the heroism of saints
3.
Society of Jesus (1540) and Spiritual Exercises (1548)
B. Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus) founded by Loyola
1.
self-discipline, personal experience of God and
importance of learning--like Protestants
2.
ritual, mysticism and obedience--unlike Protestants
3.
humanism and science in the service of the Church
a.
Jesuits become the educators of the Catholic elite
b.
missions
C. Papal Reformation
1.
Roman Inquisition (1542)
2.
Council of Trent (1545-63)
a.
denounces Protestant doctrines
b.
clarifies Catholic principles
V. Protestantism and Catholicism
in Visual Arts
A. Albrect D�rer's
Four Apostles (1526) as an example of
Lutheran ideals
B.
El Greco's Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586) as an
example of Catholic ideals