Review Quiz with Explanations.

Notice that many questions relate to the focus questions, and reviewing them is a key to success in the exam.

1. A fundamental principle of the enlightenment was

A. passion and emotion can solve human problems

B. reason can solve human problems

C. history will always repeat itself

D. only some people are able to be enlightened

Explanation: The enlightenment was a movement of thought that believed that reason should replace tradition and superstition as the guide to human affairs. Answer: B.

2. The Glorious Revolution in England

A. had no effect on the enlightenment

B. was a defeat for the enlightenment

C. was a triumph for tradition and intolerance

D. inspired John Locke to defend politics of reason

The Glorious Revolution was when the English elite removed an unacceptable king, and replaced him with William and Mary, who became king under constitutional limits. It created the rule of law, and was the beginning of politics according to reason, and not just force and tradition. Answer: D.

3. Adam Smith argued that wealth is created when

A. government carefully regulates the economy

B. slavery is expanded

C. individuals pursue their own economic interests

D. each nation tries to advance its interests against others

Smith tried to define a natural law of economics. Wealth is created by the division of labor and free trade. As each person pursues his own interest, it has the effect of creating more production and trade for the benefit of society as a whole. Answer: C.

4. The American and French Revolutions put into practice what enlightenment principle?

A. natural rights for all citizens

B. rights of the educated to rule society

C. preservation of tradition and kingship

D. right of conquest

Enlightenment thinkers from Locke to Rousseau developed the idea of rights based in nature. Jefferson refers to this in the Declaration of Independence, and the French Revolutionaries expressed it in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Answer A.

5. According to John Locke, there is something that government can never do.

A. go to war against another country

B. force citizens to join the army

C. jail citizens for long periods of time

D. abolish property rights

According to Locke's theory of government, the entire purpose of government and law is preserve the rights of life, liberty and property. Answer: D.

6. Why does Locke think that scolding children is a bad idea?

A. it is better to reason with them

B. it damages their delicate sense of self worth

C. it is better to spank them rather than just talk

D. children's bodies are delicate

Locke is a believer that human beings, even children, are essentially rational, and that this should be the basis of their education and upbringing. Answer: A

7. Rousseau thought that

A. Locke was right about children being rational

B. children should be strictly disciplined

C. children should be free to test their own limits

D. education was a matter repetition and memorization

Rousseau disagreed with Locke to the extent of the use of reason with kids. He believed that nature should take its course, and children would have to learn for themselves the consequences of what they might do or say. Answer: C.

8. Conservatives in France during the Revolution thought that the idea of natural rights was very dangerous. Why?

A. It was not a clear idea

B. It would encourage kings to be more violent

C. foreigners would me more likely to invade

D. Commoners would feel free to act without restraint of law.

The perceived danger of "natural rights" was that civil and legal rights would be undermined. The poor might think it is there "natural right" to appropriate the wealth of the rich. Answer: D.

9. Olympia de Gouges argued that the Revolution

A. made things better for women

B. made things worse for women

C. left things about the same

D. established equal rights for women

De Gouges argued that women were worse off after the revolution because now that men had gained rights, they did not rely on family connections and court corruption to get along in life. Women used to have power in the old corrupt system by virtue of their connections with family and lovers, but now they don't even have that power. Answer: B.

10. An important social effect of industrialization was the

A. war between England and France

B. growth of cities and the middle class

C. decline of cities and middle class

D. significant improvements in public health

The industrial revolution increased wealth with mechanization, which involved the growth of cities. There was also more opportunities for professions like engineering, trade and management, so the middle class also grew rapidly. Answer: B.

11. One of the key interests of the middle class was

A. expanding slavery

B. higher taxes on trade

C. maintaining the aristocracy and monarchy

D. extension of voting rights

The middle class competed with the traditional elites, the land-owning aristocracy, for political power. They wanted the right to vote for members of Parliament. Answer: D.

12. Critics of the factory system were worried most about

A. the low moral character of the workers

B. the amount of food that workers got

C. too much time workers spent sitting at home

D. workers not putting enough effort into work

While it is true that the critics worried about dirt, poor health, lack of education and low pay, they believed all of these things contributed to a greater evil, the lack of a solid home life and good moral character. This would be disastrous for society as a whole. Answer: A.

13. Socialists believed that social justice and progress was founded upon

A. economic and social equality

B. greatest possible freedom of individuals

C. a stronger sense of national unity

D. preservation of traditional social customs

Answer: A. Because that is the answer!

14. Liberals believed that social progress would be based upon

A. economic and social equality

B. greatest possible freedom of individuals

C. a stronger sense of national unity

D. preservation of traditional social customs

Answer: B. Because that is the answer!

15. Giuseppe Mazzini's echoes Rousseau's idea of politics in declaring that a country should

A. undergo a political revolution

B. be ruled by a monarchy

C. sign no alliances with other countries

D. be ruled by the general will

Rousseau argued that the freest political system is one where everyone is equal, and the government reflects the "general will," that is, policies which are for the general benefit. Mazzini thinks that nations should be ruled this way. Answer: D.

16. Karl Marx argued that revolution was inevitable because

A. the bourgeoisie will gradually improve working conditions

B. the bourgeoisie will destroy the working class once and for all

C. the working class will join the bourgeoisie

D. the working class will be forced to revolt to save itself

Marx argued that the owner class, the bourgeoisie, would force the working class to become increasingly miserable factory slaves, forcing them to rise up to save themselves and their humanity. Answer: D.

17. Darwin argues that evolution is good news. Why?

A. humans will gradually move to perfection

B. evolution means no more worries about sin

C. governments will know who to let live

D. wars will come to an end

Darwin sees evolution as an engine of progress. Things will continue to get better for the human race. Answer: A.