Europe Emerges

I. Carolingian Empire
    A. New Frankish dynasty
         1. Charles Martel and Battle of Tours
         2. Pepin the Short allies with the Pope
                a. defeats the Lombards
                b. grants the Pope his own territory

    B. Charlemagne's continual campaigns, 768-814
         1. Crowned emperor of the Romans, 800
         2. Builds Palace at Aachen
         3. Regnum Europeae

<>    C. Carolingian Renaissance
         1. Emperor and church forge a new culture
         2. Family values (sounds Roman)
                a. monogamy and marriage in the church
         3. pratronage of monasteries
         4. promotion of scholarship
                a. libraries and books
                b. schools--seven liberal arts  ---girls too
                c. reservation of ancient culture<> <>

     D. Collapse of the Carolingian Kingdom
          1. Division of the Kingdom
          2. Economic weakness
          3. Viking raids

<>II. Feudal Society takes shape (10th century)
     A. In the rubble of old empire, many lords establish themselves
          1. knights forge personal alliances with lords
                a. expert horseback warriors
                b. new potential of the stirrup
          2. rewarded with fief (feodum)--a title to land
          3. lords and vassals (knights) bound by oaths of loyalty and codes of honor

               a. difficulties of multiple loyalties

     B. If anything, the church is even more important after 10th century
          1. the power to help govern and to give legitimacy to new rulers
               a. lords are eager benefactors of the church
          2. church holds power of relics, prayer, literacy and learning
          3. church offers order and regularity in disordered time         

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III. Economic Expansion
    A. Limits of the Manorial System
        1. Serfs bound to the manor
        2. Poor yields
        3. Few markets

    B. Agricultural Improvements

1. Heavy plow/Draft Horse team

2. Three-crop rotation

C. Money and trade

1. Higher yields--more surplus wealth

2. Lords increasingly ask for rents rather than service

a. rents generate cash --more useful

  b. lords promote markets
        3. Rent system creates new incentives and new wealth

4. Peasants (paying rent) gradually replace serfs (bound labor)

5. Rise of cities and trade

                a. new type of person--the bourgeois (city dweller)