Martin Luther
CONCERNING CHRISTIAN LIBERTY [1520]
[Excerpt]
A Christian man is the most
free lord of all, and subject to none; a Christian man is the most
dutiful servant of all, and subject to every one.
Although these statements appear
contradictory, yet, when they are found to agree together, they will be highly
serviceable to my purpose. They are both the statements of Paul himself, who
says: "Though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself servant unto
all" (1 Cor. ix. 19), and: "Owe no man anything, but to love one
another." (Rom. xiii. 8.) Now love is by its own nature dutiful and
obedient to the beloved object. Thus even Christ, though Lord of all things,
was yet made of a woman; made under the law; at once free and a [105] servant; at once in the form of God and in the form of a servant.
Let us examine the subject on a deeper and
less simple principle. Man is composed of a twofold nature, a spiritual and a
bodily. As regards the spiritual nature, which they name the soul, he is called
the spiritual, inward, new man; as regards the bodily nature, which they name
the flesh, he is called the fleshly, outward, old man. The Apostle speaks of
this: "Though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is relieved day
by day." (2 Cor. iv. 16.) The result of this diversity is, that in the
Scriptures opposing statements are made concerning the same man; the fact being
that in the same man these two men are opposed to one another; the flesh
lusting against the spirit, and the spirit against the flesh. (Gal. v. 17.)
We first approach the subject of the inward
man, that we may see by what means a man becomes justified, free, and a true
Christian; that is, a spiritual, new, and inward man. It is certain that
absolutely none among outward things, under whatever name they may be reckoned,
has any weight in producing a state of justification and Christian liberty,
nor, on the other hand an unjustified state and one of slavery. This can be
shown by an easy course of argument.
What can it profit the soul, that the body
should be in good condition, free, and full of life; that it should eat, drink,
and act according to its pleasure; when even the most impious slaves of every
kind of vice are prosperous in these matters ? Again,
what harm can ill-health, bondage, hunger, thirst, or any other outward evil,
do to the soul, when even the most pious of men, and the freest in the purity
of their conscience are harassed by these things? Neither of these states of
things has to do with the liberty or the slavery of the soul.
And so it will profit nothing that the body
should be adorned with sacred vestments, or dwell in holy places, or be
occupied in sacred offices, or pray, fast, and abstain from certain meats, or
do whatever works can be done through the body and in the body. Something widely
different will be necessary for the justification and liberty of the soul,
since the things I have spoken of can be done by any impious
person, and only hypocrites are produced by devotion to these things. On
the other hand, it will not at all injure the soul that the [106] body should
be clothed in profane raiment, should dwell in profane places, should eat and
drink in the ordinary fashion, should not pray aloud, and should leave undone
all the things abovementioned, which may be done by hypocrites.
And, to cast everything aside, even
speculations, meditations and whatever things can be performed by the exertions
of the soul itself, are of no profit. One thing, and one alone, is necessary
for life, justification, and Christian liberty; and that is the most holy word
of God, the Gospel of Christ, as He says: "I am the resurrection and the
life; he that believeth in me shall not die eternally " (John xi. 25) ; and also (John viii. 36) "If the Son shall make you
free, ye shall be free indeed;" and (Matt. iv. 4), "Man shall not
live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth
out of the mouth of God."
Let us therefore hold it for certain and firmly established, that the soul can do without everything, except the word of God, without which none at all of its wants are provided for. But, having the word, it is rich and want for nothing; since that is the word of life, of truth, of light, of peace, of justification, of salvation, of joy, of liberty, of wisdom, of virtue, of grace, of glory, and of every good thing. It is on this account that the prophet in a whole psalm (Ps. cxix.), and in many other places, sighs for and calls upon the word of God with so many groanings and words.