Program Highlights
Wright
State University Library’s Special
Collection (Monday,
1600-1700; 1700-1800; Tuesday, 1730-1830; Dunbar Library, 4th floor)
· Wright Brothers Special Collection
· Items from the libraries of Dr. Ross McFarland
· Historical aviation-related documents from around the world
Aviation Soccer
Cup (Monday,
1630-1800, Field)
All are welcome to the Playing Field (see Campus
map) for a game of soccer. No reservation is needed. Just come suitably dressed
(restrooms in the Student Union can be used for changing if needed).
Refreshments will be provided at the field.
Opening
Reception (Monday
1900-2100, Joshi Center Atrium)
Consistent
with the new start of the Symposium being held at the Wright State University campus,
the Opening Reception will be held in the atrium of one of the newest
educational and research facilities on the campus: The Krishan and Vicky Joshi Research Center.
Musical accompaniment for the evening’s festivities will be provided by a live Jazz
Band.
During the
reception, we will be honoring Dr Richard Jensen, the founder of the
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology and the force behind its growth
over the many years the Symposium was hosted by the Ohio State University.
A scientific highlight
of the Opening Reception will be a state of the art CAVE virtual reality
system and a 3D Data Wall demonstration at the R.C. Appenzeller
Visualization Laboratory. Collaborators among both the Human Effectiveness and
Sensors Directorates of the Air Force Research Laboratory and Wright State
University have been using this facility to study advanced technologies (such
as 3D audio and advanced displays) for enhancing performance in complex
military applications.
Keynote
Address (Tuesday 0830-0955, Apollo)
The
Psychology of Aviation Suprise: An 8 Year Update Regarding
the
Noticing of Black Swans
Christopher D.
Wickens
Alion Science & Technology, Boulder, Colorado
& University of Illinois Human Factors Division
We describe the limitation that people have in noticing very unexpected, surprising “off-nominal”, or black swan events, as reflected in the psychology of change blindness; and how this limitation can compromise aviation safety. We then describe a three phase program of research examining pilot response to these black swan events, using (1) a meta-analysis to reveal the miss rate in noticing black swans, (2) a model of visual attention to predict this miss rate, and (3) the same model to make predictions regarding the safety impact of NextGen technology and procedures.
Poster Sessions
(Tuesday and Wednesday, 1615-1740, Apollo)
This year’s
Symposium will include expanded Poster Sessions, each with over 20 posters.
Symposium attendees will be able to circulate and discuss the latest findings
results with the presenters while enjoying h’ourderves and a cash bar.
Reception of the
Association of Aviation Psychology is held in conjunction with the Tuesday
Poster Session.
The collegial
atmosphere will be a great way to conclude each day’s technical activities and
transition into the evening’s activities.
Night Out at the Greene
Following the Tuesday Poster Session, Symposium participants can visit The Greene in Beavercreek for some shopping and dining. The Greene is a 72-acre new town center featuring pedestrian-friendly streetscapes, open-air gathering spaces, and over 20 places to eat. See the website for more information: http://www.thegreene.com/
Plenary
Panels
Plenary Practitioners’ Panel: Operational Issues in
Today’s Aviation System
(Wednesday 0830 – 0955, Apollo)
Chair: Dr. Esa Rantanen
Panelists: Capt. Karl Fennel (ALPA), Dr. Mike Pearson (Arizona State
University/Phoneix Sky Harbor Airport), CDR (USN Ret) Robert Shaw
(Dayton Aerospace), and Lt. Col. Kent Tiffany (AFMC 303 AESG/SYCE)
Plenary Researchers’ Panel: Meeting the Challenges of Expanding Demands on the Aviation System (Thursday 0830 – 0955, Apollo)
Chair: Dr. Scott Galster
Panelists: Dr. Dee Andrews (711 HPW/RHA), Dr. Deborah Boehm-Davis (George
Mason University), Dr. Frank Durso (Georgia Institute of Technology), Dr.
Carol Manning (FAA CAMI), and Dr. Amy Pritchett (NASA).
|
|
Meeting the Challenge of Pasteur’s Quadrant:
How Theory Drives Application and Application Shapes Theory
Basic and applied sciences are often visualized as the ends of
a
single continuum, such that the success of one requires the
compromise of the other. However, in his 1997 book “Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation” Donald Stokes argued that this is a false dichotomy. He offered Pasteur's Quadrant as an
illustration of the possibility for high quality science directed
to important practical problems (see Figure; we suggest that
this quadrant might also be associated with the Wright
Brothers). In Pasteur's quadrant conventional wisdom is challenged by practical problems and basic theory supports generalizations from one problem to another. Our plenary panels are asked to address the challenges and opportunities
associated with working in Pasteur’s Quadrant.
The overarching goal of the Plenary Sessions is to foster dialogues between operational personnel and researchers towards a safer and serviceable sky.
The charge to the practitioner panelists is to articulate their operational challenges and to inform the aviation community of their vision of a more efficacious aviation system. What are the pressing questions? What are the technical and human performance challenges that must be met in order to achieve our highest aspirations for future aviation systems?
The charge to the researcher panelist is to explore the
value of basic theory for guiding applications and the reciprocal relation in
which practical innovations and failures feedback to challenge conventional
theories and to shape our basic understanding of human performance and
human-technology systems. The panelists
are asked to present theoretical, methodological, or technological approaches
that can be applied to enhance the efficiency or safety of any aspect of the
aviation system and to provide example of fruitful translational research.
The ISAP Banquet with Major
General Bedke
The official
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology Banquet will be held Wednesday
evening. And, what better place to meet than the National Museum of the Air
Force at Wright-Patterson’s Air Force Base! The Air Force Museum galleries
present military aviation history, boasting more than 400 aerospace vehicles
along with thousands of historical items that bring history to life and connect
the Wright brothers' legacy with today's Air Force.
The evening will
start with a reception with cash bar and time to enjoy the museum’s displays.
This year, the museum shop will stay open just for us till 1900.
Following a dinner
among the historic aircraft, musical entertainment will be provided by the Air
Force Band of Flight. The Air Force Band of Flight travels over 100,000 miles
each year and presents over 450 shows to military and civilian audiences. Their
music will be a perfect accompaniment to the Air Force history on display at
the Museum.
Following the Air
Force Band of Flight, the highlight of the Banquet will be a speech by the
Commander of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Major General Curtis
M. Bedke. An experienced pilot with over 4,300 flying hours in 78 different
aircraft, General Bedke has wide-ranging experience throughout the US Air
Force. Of particular relevance to the Aviation Psychology Symposium, are his
previous experience as a test pilot and Commander of the Air Force Flight Test
Center and his experience commanding a B-52 operations group. General Bedke
will speak about the history and role of Aviation Psychology in Air Force
research.
Closing
Lunch (Thursday, 1140-1300, Apollo)
We will conclude the
Symposium with a relaxing box lunch together at which we can share our
experiences and plan for our next meeting. A highlight at the lunch will be the
presentation of the Stanley Nelson Roscoe Best Student Paper Award.
Technical Program
Workshop Descriptions
WM01: ODM, ORM and Accident Prevention
Monday 8:30 – 4:30 Full-Day Workshop, Endeavor C
Ronald Lofaro & Kevin Smith
This workshop will revolve around three foci: The operational decision-making (ODM) model; its application to analyzing/averting a specific accident (Southwest 1248) and a (new), aviation-specific probabilistic methodology for decision-making that can be used in accident analysis/prevention. The ODM model will be introduced, with handout. After laying out the conditions in an actual incident that was almost a major accident, the workshop participants will be invited to use the ODM model and develop an action plan for the Captain of the flight in question; these will be compared to the actual actions of the Captain and the results. USN/USMC operational risk management {ORM} will be presented, with a short handout. At this point, the conditions prior to landing for SW 1248 will be described and the participants asked to again apply the ODM. As the workshop participants all will most probably be aware of the landing accident of Flt 1248, a discussion will ensue about what could have be done to have prevented the accident. A brief handout, showing a synopsis of the NTSB causal factors will be distributed…followed by some “lively” discussions. A new, probabilistic model of accident analysis of Captain Smith’s will be shown, using, as before, Flt 1248 as the exemplar. The participants will be asked to see how/if ORM and/or ODM and/or the probabilistic model can be used in concert …before or after the fact…in accident prevention and /or analysis. It is to be expected that this will produce even livelier discussion.
WM02: Aircrew Fatigue: Understanding the Causes, Consequences and Countermeasures
Monday 8:30 – 4:30 Full-Day Workshop, Atlantis
John Caldwell & Lynn Caldwell
Pilot fatigue has been a significant concern in flight operations for many years. NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System routinely receives reports from pilots blaming fatigue, sleep loss, and sleepiness in the cockpit for operational errors. Statistics indicate that fatigue is involved in at least 4-8% of civil aviation mishaps. Over the past 30 years, fatigue has been cited as a factor in 8% of all Air Force Class A mishaps approximately 4% of all Army Class A-C accidents. Reports have focused a great deal of attention on the problem of fatigue in aviation. As a result, substantial resources have been aimed at understanding the nature of this insidious safety hazard and how it can be remedied. The proposed fatigue workshop will outline the importance of addressing fatigue as a danger in aviation, the basic physiological mechanisms underlying fatigue, and the most common causes of fatigue in air transport and other settings. It will present ways to recognize fatigue in operational environments and provide information about the relative efficacy of various fatigue countermeasures. Specific information will be provided about the importance of obtaining adequate daily sleep, the significance of establishing proper work/rest schedules, and the utility of strategic napping, rest breaks, circadian-entrainment interventions, stimulants, and other techniques. This workshop is aimed at those desiring a basic understanding of the problem of fatigue in operational environments. No prior education in fatigue management, sleep, or circadian rhythms is required.
WM03: The Road to Cognitive System Engineering
Monday 8:30 – 4:30 Full-Day Workshop, Discovery A
Laura Militello, Gary Klein, Gavan Lintern, Corey Fallon, & Cindy Dominquez
Cognitive Systems Engineering is a design approach aimed at improving cognitive work by linking system features to the cognitive processes they need to support. Cognitive processes are activities that require complex cognitive skills such as identifying, judging, attending, perceiving, remembering, reasoning, deciding, problem solving and planning. This workshop will introduce participants to the major concepts of Cognitive Systems Engineering and to selected data collection, analysis and design methods. Approximately 50% of the workshop will be devoted to exercises in analysis and design. The aim for the workshop is to help participants develop the basic skills to a level that will enable them to continue to build expertise in Cognitive Systems Engineering as they use the methods in their own project work. The exercises will be tutorial in nature and will be oriented specifically towards abstracting and clarifying essential concepts and methods.
WM04: DDD - Adaptable Simulation for Sociotechnical Systems
Monday 1:30 – 4:30 Half Day Workshop, Discovery B
Scott Galster
DDD is a highly adaptable simulation platform that captures the full complexity of today's sociotechnical systems. DDD models the core functions that drive team performance, such as communicating, sharing resources, making decisions, using technology, and coordinating tasks. It is unique in its ability to represent a wide range of environments, letting you create your own operating scenarios and use them to plan missions, conduct training and rehearsal exercises, perform team research, and many other applications involving individual players, teams, or teams of teams. Since DDD is client/server-based, participants can be geographically distributed and still interact as if they were all in the same location. Embedded within DDD are tools that capture and quantify performance, providing stop-action replay and other feedback measures to help team members improve their skills. This Workshop will introduce DDD to the novice/interested user. We will cover the basics of how DDD works from a technical perspective and demonstrate how to create, run, and collect data from a scenario created during the Workshop. Additionally, we will demonstrate the Visual Scenario Generator which is used to rapidly create or modify scenarios and the Agent API which is used to access the data stream produced by DDD for integration with third-party applications.
Symposia and Panels Description
Symposium: Stanley N. Roscoe: A Reflection (ST01)
Tuesday 1015 – 1140, Apollo
Chair: Gavan Lintern
Stanley N. Roscoe succumbed to cancer in late 2007. Stan's contribution to aviation psychology was significant, possibly more so than any other single individual. In this symposium, several of Stan's students who went on to careers in aviation psychology or human factors speak on their research involvement with him and how he influenced them both as a scientific innovator and as a mentor. We will reprise a selection of the research work undertaken by his students under his guidance and comment on its continuing relevance to today's challenges. In addition, we will reflect on his exceptional ability to establish a meaningful research program and to energize those who worked with him.
Hector Acosta: Stan and the Moon Illusion
Stan's enduring relationship with the Moon Illusion represents an important part of his legacy, but represents only a small segment of his wide and eclectic intellectual water front. His energy and sincere enthusiasm for a new idea were contagious. Right up until his passing, despite significant physical challenges, he worked to improve his written word, accepting criticisms as opportunities to raise his personal lofty bar.
He never lost his spirit of adventure and that particular sparkle must linger in all of us, his students, to our end of days.
Larry Scanlan: Galileo and the marketing manager revisited
In the second year as head of the Aviation Research Laboratory at Illinois, after attending to lab setup, research funding, and other critical issues, Stan initiated a technical publication titled Aviation Research Monographs. The first issue published three papers dealing with aircraft displays for instrument flight by Alexander C Williams, Stan’s graduate advisor. The second compiled the available literature on Adaptive Training, a relatively new topic at the time. The third Monograph offered three studies that illustrated various aspects of Stan’s research philosophy as elaborated in his overview article titled “Galileo and the Marketing Manager.” Proudly, one of the three papers reported my Master of Arts degree research.
I do have to admit that initially I was less than enthusiastic, preferring instead to submit my first major research undertaking to Human Factors or possibility a psychology journal. Stan persuasively argued otherwise and my article “Visual Time-Compressed Displays for Target Detection” became the exemplar for Stan’s section on Behavioral Solutions to Engineering Problems. Of course, Stan was correct, it was a great place for my first publication.
In his overview article, Stan enlisted Galileo and a mythical marketing person as he related his research philosophy. A philosophy he followed as he guided each of his students through graduate school. The following paragraphs give two examples to provide an idea of his approach.
On page 1 he observes that “the outcome of a formal experiment is never a surprise to the skilled investigator” because by the time they collect formal data the entire experiment will have been thoroughly pre-tested. The formal experiment serves primarily to establish statistical reliability. Many of his students were skeptical in the beginning but each learned over time the correctness of Stan’s observation.
“Animate subjects exhibit remarkable variability in their performance of the complex tasks encountered in aviation” (p. 5) begins a paragraph devoted to the habit of accepting the null hypothesis due to the variability in human responses. The paragraph ends with a critical observation on the consequences of such acceptance “the effect of such a mistake is that investigators tend to stop investigating real problems.” A sin neither Stan or any of his students ever committed.
Roscoe, S. N. (1971). Galileo and the Marketing Manager. Aviation Research Monographs, 1(3), 1-9.
Gavan Lintern: Paragraph length and other miscellany
During my time as a student at Illinois in the 70s, Chuck Hopkins once spoke of an incident in which he was meeting with Stan and others in Stan's office. During one of the less dynamic moments in this meeting, Stan retrieved an issue of human factors (the Journal), opened it to one of his own papers, and commenced editing. As amusing as this may seem, Stan was serious about both written and spoken presentation style. He constantly sought to improve his own and he sought to impose that discipline on us. Paragraph length was a particular focus. There is, indeed, a unit of paragraph length, known as the Stan. It came into being as follows.
It was a blustery day in Champaign in the early Fall of 1977 when Nick Simonelli bounced into room 418, the Engineering Psychology graduate student office of the University of Illinois. He threw a hefty computer printout onto his desk with a thud and announced, “He didn’t read it, he just flipped through the pages and said ‘Paragraphs are too long!’” Thus was created the Stan, the International Unit of paragraph length. A definition of the Stan was generated and taped to Stan Roscoe’s office door. It read:
The International Unit of paragraph length is the Stan. A Stan is 100 words plus or minus 10. Many, if not most scientists use paragraph lengths of more than one Stan. In Human Factors, it is not uncommon to find paragraph lengths of 2, 3, 4 and even 5 Stans. This definition is 0.55 Stans.
To protect the guilty, the definition of the Stan was attributed to an edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, some 10 years into the future.
Months passed. I had just completed a successful defense of my dissertation and Stan had invited me to the basketball. The roads were, as I recall, icy and his Volvo spun its wheels at intersections. As if prompted by the wintry conditions, Stan interjected into the conversation, “Nick Simonelli did this funny thing a few months ago; he taped a statement about paragraph length to my office door.”
I had safely passed my final orals and could acknowledge culpability, but then, of course, Stan always had a sense of humor about these sorts of things. This definition, as it was originally typed, was archived on his office notice board apparently throughout his subsequent years at New Mexico State University.
Remembering Stan Roscoe, friend and mentor
Dick Jensen, PhD, Aviation Research Laboratory, 1974-1978
Dennis Beringer, PhD, Aviation Research Laboratory, 1974-1978
Bob Jacobs, PhD, Aviation Research Laboratory, 1974-1978
Hector Acosta, MA, PhD, New Mexico State University, 1979-2004
Larry Scanlan, PhD, Aviation Research Laboratory, 1974-1978
Gavan Linter, PhD, Aviation Research Laboratory, 1974-1978
Symposium: UAV Interface Design for Supervisory Control (SW01)
Wednesday 1015 – 1140, Apollo
Chair: Kristen Liggett
The proliferation of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) with expanded capabilities has contributed to a systematic migration of mission responsibilities from manned to unmanned systems. Key UAS mission areas include intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) tasks as well as weapon delivery. Current challenges include optimizing the vehicle to operator ratio, operating various payloads, and participating in more complex missions. This session will explore the latest applied and advanced research in AFRL's Human Effectiveness Directorate.
Panel: Selection for Aviation Related Careers: Air Traffic Control in the Air Force
and the FAA (ST05)
Tuesday 1300 –1425, Apollo
Chair: Kathryn Bleckley
Selection often involves two phases, “select-in” and “select-out.” The panel will discuss selection research with a focus on air traffic controllers (ATC). In the USAF and FAA, accurate selection of ATC trainees is essential because of the cost in time and money to train people for this high-consequence occupation. Dr. Carretta will provide an overview of selection research and serve as discussant. Discussions of "select-in" will be provided by Dr. Bleckley and Dr. Crutchfield. Dr. Bleckley will discuss longitudinal validation research for the Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) battery. The Uniform Guidelines and case law pertaining to selection instrument development require longitudinal validation. Interim longitudinal validation research will be discussed. Dr. Crutchfield will discuss validation of the AT-SAT for placement by option. The FAA needs to develop a process for assessing applicants’ potential to certify at facilities and use this information when determining where they will be placed. Dr. King will discuss "select-out". Medical examinations typically include consideration of psychiatric issues, which frequently are delineated in medical standards. He will discuss legitimate and ill-advised uses of select-out instruments and demonstrate the value of correctly using these instruments. In a look to the future, Dr. Manning will discuss how selection procedures we use today to hire ATCS who use tactical techniques to separate airplanes might prove inappropriate for ATCS who will be expected to use strategic air traffic control methods by 2025.
Panel: Perspectives on Human Factors Issues in NextGen (ST09)
Tuesday 1445 – 1610, Apollo
Chair: Deborah Boehm-Davis
In the United States, the President and Congress established an office, the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO), to plan and develop the Next Generation Air Traffic Management System (NextGen). This plan was designed to meet the projected two- to three-fold increase in air traffic projected by the year 2025. Although NextGen is articulated in a Concept of Operations document, there is no fielded implementation. Nevertheless there are some commonalities that seem to exist among the families of possible futures. As plans begin to be defined about what this program will entail, issues are being raised about: potential changes in roles for controllers and pilots, the interfaces that will be required to support those changes, how the FAA is defining requirements for those new systems, and how the FAA will certify those new systems. This panel will open with an overview of the current plans for NextGen, followed by presentations outlining the proposed processes for defining requirements, developing verification and validation plans, and developing certification standards. In addition, the participant’s views of the most significant human factors issues that need to be addressed in order to make the vision (or some portion of it) a reality will be discussed. This session brings together government, industry and academic perspectives in discussing whether the processes of prioritization and definition of system and certification requirements are sufficient to ensure safety.