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WAC Newsletter
Number 17
Wright State University
January 2000

 

INSIDE:
Research and Writing

CTL Workshops

Notes from Other Programs

National WAC Conference

 


Research and Writing:
How Students in Social Work 490 Build Their Final Papers
January 2000

Carl Brun's Social Work 490, Research Methods in Social Work I, is part of a two-course research sequence required for social work majors. This class focuses primarily on research design, allowing students to begin creating their own research design. The course is significant for students in the field because, as the syllabus indicates, "Throughout the course, research is presented as one of the building blocks of social work practice. The role of practitioner-researcher is a trademark of the social work profession. Research skills and practice skills are intertwined and complementary for the contemporary social worker."

As a writing intensive course in the major, this course asks students to apply these research skills in writing. Brun explains, "The final requirement for this class is to write a fifteen-page proposal, including a statement of the research problem, a literature review, and a student-developed design, which is quite a bit to expect from undergraduates. I emphasize the literature review, and I know they'll just get a beginning on the design."

To help students prepare for the final paper, Brun has students complete five one-page assignments. The first assignment helps students to focus their research topic. Having students submit their research idea early in the quarter provides the opportunity for Brun to give students feedback on their approaches to their topics, so students' work on the final paper is guided by this initial instructor response.

Each assignment includes a list of questions that helps students focus their responses. The first helps students generate research ideas with the following questions:

1. List three possible research questions you are interested in. Be very specific when stating the research questions.

2. Are your questions inductive or deductive?

3. What theories are related to your research questions?

4. What hypotheses are related to your research questions?

After completing this assignment and narrowing the focus of their research, students move on to assignments that relate to the development of their final papers.

The following three one-page assignments "are questions related to specific articles they look up. . . . I ask different questions about each article based on where we are in the book," Brun says. For example, one question from the second assignment asks, "Is this an inductive or deductive study?" This question has students apply what they have learned about deductive and inductive reasoning to a journal article about their research topic.

The three articles students look up for their assignments can then be used as sources for the final paper. Students are required to use at least three sources, but Brun prefers "that they get up to five." These assignments help prepare students for the final paper by having them do individual assignments that they can then compile into the final paper's literature review. Brun makes clear the connections between the students' writing for the course-the one-page writings and the final assignment-and the class content.

The guidelines for the one-page assignments remain specific throughout the quarter to help students complete the reviews satisfactorily. For example, the third assignment for the quarter asks students to locate a journal article related to their research topic and respond to the following:

1. What is the research question, problem, and/or hypothesis?

2. Is the study exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory?

3. Is the research design quantitative or qualitative?

4. What are the dependent and independent variables?

5. How was the sample selected?

6. Is this the best research design to answer the research question listed in question 1?

Not only do these questions provide students the opportunity to begin working on the literature review for their final paper, but they also require students to think analytically about the journal article they have selected.

In previous incarnations of the course, Brun states, "I've gone back and forth. I've always done writing assignments and a final paper. In the past, I've done longer writing assignments and a shorter final paper, always balancing out the eighteen-page [WAC] requirement. In this case, I decided to do a one-pager for the first five and then really emphasize the final paper. The one disadvantage is that it's still hard for students to integrate all of this. They have to do a literature review, but all they've done at this point is reviewed three articles. It's hard for them to put it all together."

In order to assist students with the essay as they write, Brun allows students to turn in drafts of their papers to him two weeks before the due date. However, only about one-third of the class opted to take advantage of this opportunity for instructor feedback.

For the final paper, Brun's syllabus states, "Effective practice of generalist social work requires writing skills to communicate information accurately and concisely to others involved in helping client systems. For this reason, formal writing assignments in social work courses will be evaluated both for the content and ideas presented and for the clarity of that presentation."

As a result, 30% of the essay's grade is based on presentation/appearance and organization, which account for 10% and 20% respectively. Presentation/appearance includes such elements as neatness, correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation, while organization includes the structure and format of the paper, logical sequence and continuity of ideas, clarity of expression, and conciseness. The content of the essay, then, constitutes the other 70% of the paper grade. Brun breaks down the essay even further to indicate what should be included in each of four sections and how each section is weighted:

Introduction (15%)

- Description of the problem

- Statement of research question or hypothesis

- Significance of problem and rationale for studying it

Literature Review (25%)

- Theoretical and historical perspective

- Identified gaps in the literature

- Reiteration of the purpose of the study

Methodology (25%)

- Research design and data collection procedures

- Characteristics of participants

- Sampling design

- Description of instrumentation

- Data analysis procedures

Abstract, Appendices, and References (5%)

- Abstract is placed at the beginning of the proposal

- Appendices and References are at the end of the proposal

Although some students still had difficulty synthesizing all the material they gathered as they wrote their final papers, Brun feels that "doing the separate assignments and looking at the questions helped [students] as much with understanding content for the test as it did with writing the paper." Again, he emphasizes the connection between the course content and the writing assignments.

Brun indicates that while students did well overall on the individual writing assignments, some still did not perform quite as well on the final paper as they did on the one-page writing assignments. "What was not covered in the assignments is their own methodology, so that's the one piece that they did new and that they hadn't gotten prior feedback on. . . . But their literature sections are always pretty good because of those three reviews." For future courses, Brun says he might drop one of the three assignments dealing with journal article analysis in favor of one that addresses students' own methodology.

Social Work 490 offers social work majors the opportunity not only to learn about research design, but also to apply those skills in writing and to think critically as they complete the research necessary for the final project. The dual function of the one-page assignments, addressing both the course content and preliminary work on the final essay, makes them invaluable to students' learning experiences.

-Cynthia K. Marshall

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Center for Teaching and Learning
Winter Offerings
January 2000

Internationalizing the Curriculum in Your Discipline Luncheon. Led by Maggie MacDonald, Associate Professor of English and Linguistics, and Executive Director of the Center for International Education. This workshop will first examine the meaning of "internationalizing" a curriculum. Then, using syllabi from other institutions, the workshop will provide concrete examples from specific disciplines. Thursday, January 27, 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. in W169C Student Union.

Book Group: Scholarship Reconsidered Luncheon. Led by Tom Sudkamp, Professor, Computer Science and Engineering. In 1990, Ernest Boyer's book Scholarship Reconsidered proposed expanding the definition of academic scholarship beyond research to include the scholarship of discovery, integration, application, and teaching. Ten years later, this book group will review the motivations for Boyer's proposed expansion of scholarship and discuss the presence and the recognition (or lack thereof) of the four types of scholarship in the various colleges at Wright State. Wednesday, February 2, 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. in E157A Student Union. Call the CTL, x3162, to make your reservation and to receive your complimentary book.

Better Understanding the WSU Student Luncheon. Led by Lee Mortimer, Assistant Director; Neal Stark, Senior Data Analysis; and Kathleen Beal, Research Statistician, Budget Planning & Resource Analysis. This multimedia presentation will describe several aspects of the WSU student, including a profile of the 1999 freshman class, degrees awarded, student majors, and ethnicity. Learn why students chose WSU, their long-term educational goals, and expected grades. Gain an understanding of the characteristics of students who remain at WSU and move successfully from University College into their majors. Wednesday, February 9, 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. in W169B Student Union.

Science and Software: What is GIS? Led by Jay Gatrell, Assistant Professor of Geography. This workshop will provide some background about GIS (Geographic Information Science and Geographic Information Systems), demonstrate and discuss the software package ArcView 3.2, and discuss WSU's participation in the statewide ESRI license. Wednesday, February 9, 3:00-4:00 p.m. in 057 Millett.

Teaching General Education and/or Large Classes Luncheon. Led by Laura Luehrmann, Professor of Political Science; Tim Wood, Professor of Biological Sciences; Wayne Shebilske, Chair/Professor of Psychology; December Green, Associate Professor of Political Science; and James Uphoff, Associate Director, CTL/Professor Emeritus of Education. This panel of faculty recognized for their success in teaching their General Education classes, large class size sections, and/or introduction courses will share some effective techniques. Tuesday, February 15, 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. in W169B&C Student Union.

Conducting Pedagogical Research/Evaluation on Collegiate Academic Programs Luncheon. Led by Dan DeStephen, Director, CTL/Professor of Communication; James Uphoff, Associate Director, CTL/Professor Emeritus of Education; and Kuldip Rattan, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering. Whenever a pilot academic program or new program element is being planned or conducted, questions arise. How do we find out whether it "works"? What evaluation design options do we have? Where can we get help? This workshop is designed to explore these and other questions to assist a department/college/unit program testing new methods/courses/units/organizations/materials. Monday, February 21, 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. in E157B Student Union.

Peer Evaluation. Led by Dr. Nancy Chism, Associate Vice Chancellor for Professional Development and Associate Dean of the Faculties, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis. Peer Evaluation/Observation has been used within WSU for years. Dr. Chism, a national authority, will lead this special workshop for department chairs and a departmental faculty member. A copy of her 1999 book, Peer Review of Teaching, will be provided for each department. This extended workshop is designed to provide guidance to all departments as they develop by-laws. All faculty are welcome, but the chair and one faculty per department are requested to attend. Friday, February 25, 1:00 p.m.-4:30 p.m. in the Student Union Multipurpose Room.

Book Group: Changing the Way We Grade Student Performance Luncheon. Led by Virginia Nehring, Professor of Nursing and Health. "This book offers alternative approaches to assessing student performance-including developing criteria, integrating peer and self-assessment, and assigning grades-and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each." Call the CTL, x3162, to make your reservation and to receive your complimentary book. Tuesday, March 7, 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. in W169B Student Union.

Multimedia Using Astound (WIN). Led by Terri Klaus, Associate Director, CTL. Astound is a presentation software package much like PowerPoint but with more capabilities. This workshop will cover the fundamentals of Astound such as text manipulation, embedding of elements into your presentation (images, sound, video, etc.), using Astound supplied animations, and template or custom background selection. This hands-on workshop provides you with skills to produce engaging and aesthetic presentations. Friday, January 21, 10:00 a.m.-12:00 noon in 215 Library. Limit 10.

Introduction to PowerPoint (WIN). Led by Dara Bornstein-Tudor, Multimedia Consultant, CTL. Friday, January 28, 10:00 a.m.-12:00 noon. or Thursday, February 17, 2:00-4:00 p.m. both held in 215 Library. Limit 10. Introduction to PowerPoint (MAC). Led by Roland Knight, Senior Producer/Director, CTL. Friday, February 4, 10:00 a.m.-12:00 noon in 215 Library. Limit 3. Everyone has PowerPoint on their computers these days. Are you using PowerPoint to its full potential? Learn the basics of PowerPoint and explore features such as using a custom background, text layout, incorporating images, sounds, video and more. This hands-on workshop will empower you to think creatively when constructing your presentations.

Making Images Digital. Led by Bryan Beverly, Senior Multimedia Consultant/Project Manager, CTL. Reach the visual learners in your class by incorporating still images into your lectures or Web pages. Image sources can be anything from photographs to 3-D objects. Bring us something to digitize and see the potential. This workshop provides hands-on experience with image-related peripherals, such as flat bed scanners, CD-ROM collections, 35mm slide scanners, etc. You will also learn some Adobe Photoshop basics. Friday, February 11, 10:00 a.m.-12:00 noon in 023 Library. Limit 3.

The World of Digital Cameras. Led by Scott Kissell, Senior Photographer, CTL. This introduction to digital photography gives you an understanding of how digital cameras work and how to download the images from the camera into the computer. We will also explore photography composition, which will help you produce more visually interesting pictures for their presentations. Some hands-on experience. Friday, February 18, 3:00-5:00 p.m. in 011 Library. Limit 6.

Advanced Features with PowerPoint (WIN). Led by Dara-Bornstein-Tudor, Multimedia Consultant, CTL. This workshop will extend your knowledge of PowerPoint by looking at such features as animating your elements, building text, creating a diagram with shapes, and using shape fills, slide transitions, and action buttons. Hands-on experience. A comfortable working knowledge of PowerPoint is required. Friday, February 18, 2:00-4:00 p.m. and Friday, February 25, 10:00 a.m.-12:00 noon in 215 Library. Limit 10.

Graphics and Information Design 101: Creating Effective and Engaging Presentations. Led by Denise Tanka, Senior Producer/Director, CTL, and Bruce Stiver, Supervisor, Graphics Production and Photography, CTL. Leave a lasting impression on your audience. Whether you're working on a PowerPoint presentation, multimedia project or video production, this workshop will provide an arsenal of simple, quick, and easy-to-follow pointers for graphic and information design. Learn how to transform your message into engaging, on-screen graphics. A comfortable working knowledge of PowerPoint (or similar software) required. Friday, February 25, 10:00 a.m.-12:00 noon in 315 Library. Limit 15.

Faculty Webworks: Leap Online Without Tripping Over Esoteric Code. Led by Jeff Hiles, Senior Instructional Media Designer, CTL. Put your syllabi, vita, and other professional and personal information on the World Wide Web without having to learn HTML. In this faculty-only workshop, you will create a personal web site, learn how to manage it, and learn about redesigning materials for the web. Before taking this workshop, you should be comfortable using a web browser, such as Netscape Navigator, and a word processor, such as Microsoft Word. Friday, March 3, 9:00 a.m.-12:00 noon in 215 Library. Limit 13. (10 PC and 3 MAC)

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Notes from Other Programs
The Howe Writing Initiative Richard T. Farmer School of Business Administration at Miami University
January 2000

From time to time, the WAC newsletter spotlights a program at another school. In this issue, the focus is not on a university-wide program but on a writing initiative within a school-the Howe Writing Initiative in the Richard T. Farmer School of Business Administration at Miami University.

Established in 1996, the Howe Professorship in Written Communication was created to integrate writing fully into the school of business curriculum. Since its inception, that professorship has been held by Kate Ronald, who has worked closely with school of business faculty, students, and administration to develop a set of goals and strategies for realizing them.

I first heard about the Howe Initiative at the national WAC conference held this past June, where I heard an excellent panel presentation about it. The program's website <http://www.muohio.edu/hwi/AboutHowe.html> confirms that the Initiative rests on a well-conceived and well-executed plan. As the website puts it, "Many schools and universities hear complaints about student writing and the burden of teaching writing; few do much about it. With the Howe professorship and writing initiative, Miami University's School of Business now has a method for action and a real hope for change." The goals of the program are clearly laid out on the website:

All SBA [School of Business Administration] graduates should be skilled writers who:

· effectively consider context, audience, purpose, tone, style and form
· understand processes of writing · write often, in multiple applications, with guidance, practice, and critique
· recognize that writing is an integral part of any discipline.

The strategies for achieving those goals are clearly stated as well. All SBA students should

· write in multiple classes each semester including SBA core, major, and capstone courses
· write to a variety of audiences (self, peer, instructor, clients, employers)
· write for a variety of purposes (persuade, inform, prioritize, synthesize, analyze, clarify)
· write in a variety of forms (memos, letters, reports, proposals, research projects)
· write individually and collaboratively (group/team)
· write in hard copy and electronically using a variety of tools (word-processing, e-mail, news groups, PowerPoint).

These goals and strategies are, of course, consistent with those to be found in WAC programs around the country. However, the Howe Initiative is unusually explicit in laying out responsibilities-and identifying the parties responsible-for carrying them out. Responsibilities are set out on four levels, beginning with administration of the SBA, and including individual departments within the SBA, faculty members, and the Howe Professor.

Specifically, the SBA Administrator is charged with the following responsibilities:

· promoting writing by students as fundamental to the SBA's mission
· recognizing and rewarding faculty and departments who incorporate writing in their courses
· providing opportunities for faculty development
· coordinating departmental writing plans through the SBA Communication committee
· periodically assessing the overall integration of writing strategies across the SBA curriculum.
· publicizing writing activities occurring within the SBA.

At least two features warrant a quick comment. The second "responsibility" is particularly important because it responds to a recurring problem for all WAC programs-the teaching of writing requires additional time and effort, and the value of those efforts is often not recognized. As long as the academic rewards system does not take this type of teaching into account, devoting time and energy to it is largely an act of altruism on the part of faculty. Second, locating the assessment component within the SBA rather than going to some outside entity with "expertise" in writing instruction means that disciplinary needs will remain central.

Perhaps the most striking aspect of the departmental requirements is the way entire departments, not just individual faculty members, are involved. The website indicates that departments are expected to develop and implement a comprehensive writing plan by

· identifying and cataloguing writing strategies currently in use within the department
· identifying opportunities for writing strategies which are consistent with class size and pedagogy
· designing a comprehensive writing plan by 5/98
· encouraging individuals and teams to develop writing activities emphasizing one or more writing strategies
· recognizing and rewarding faculty who incorporate writing in their courses
· coordinating, monitoring, and modifying the department's writing plan.

At the same time, the expectations for individual faculty members are also made quite clear. Their role includes the following:

· creating and utilizing writing activities incorporating one or more writing strategies
· including writing requirements in course syllabi
· documenting writing activities to facilitate the department's ongoing assessment process
· participating in pilot tests of writing activities tailored to multiple section courses
· working with colleagues to coordinate the integration of writing strategies within the department's and across the SBA's curriculum.

In all of this, the Howe Professor plays an advisory role. Among her duties are conducting workshops for faculty and students, consulting with individuals and departments, and developing and updating a website that identifies writing resources. As an indication of the sort of sound advice being given, consider the following excerpt from "Not More, but More Explicit, Writing Assignments," in the second installment of "Kate's Column," Howe Professor Kate Ronald's online newsletter. Here she shares one of the "big lessons" she's learned about incorporating writing into any curriculum:

No writing assignment, formal or informal, will help students' writing or their business acumen if students do not understand why they are being asked to write, for whom, for what purposes, or how that writing connects to the other material they are learning, or to contexts beyond the classroom. And we can't expect students to "get it" on their own, to osmose our reasons for assigning writing and responding to it in specific ways. We need to tell them why good writing matters. And we need to make writing count. That's more important, I think, than simply writing more and more and more without knowing why.

It's a valuable insight indeed and bears repeating often. Say amen, somebody?

-Joe Law

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National WAC Conference Spring 2001

The Fifth National Writing Across the Curriculum Conference is scheduled for May 31-June 2, 2001, in Bloomington, Indiana. It will be sponsored jointly by Indiana University, Purdue University, and the University of Notre Dame. Taking part in this biannual conference will be people teaching in a variety of disciplines, and featured speakers are the leading figures in the field.

It's not too early to be thinking about attending. As with the 1999 conference, the WAC program will provide financial support for faculty making presentations. If you're interested or would like further information, contact Joe Law at x2155 or joe.law@wright.edu.

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