Rise of Kingdoms

I. Assets and weaknesses of monarchs
    A. Growth of trade and cities aids monarchs
          1. charters link cities with monarchs
          2. monarchs guarantee rights of cities
          3. cities pay taxes to monarchs

    B. Historical prestige
          1. illustrious history of kings (like Charlemagne)
          2. historical role as guardians of church

    C. Benefits of unity and equal justice

    D. Monarchs limited by power and rights of aristocracy and church
    
 
II. England
    A. Norman Conquest (1066) (William the Conqueror)
        1. England most united of kingdoms
        2. Normans build most successful feudal family
            (a.  new mutt language born) 

    B. Strongest monarchy confronts its limits
        1. conflict between church and King Henry II--murder in the Cathedral
        2. conflict between lords and King John --Magna Carta
        3. Parliament

III. France
    A. French monarchy starts from further behind

    B. Struggle against English power
              a. Philip II (12th century) up to Joan of Arc (15th century)

    C. St. Louis: Crusader and Lawgiver (1226-70)
            a. uniform laws and efficient courts
 
    D. Philip IV (1285-1314)
        1. solidifies control of money and church
             a.  Taxation of church property
             b. Abolishes the wealthy Templars
        2. Established Estates General to fortify royal power
        3. Confronts the Pope over taxing the church
             a. Briefly imprisons Pope Boniface III

IV. Spain
    A. Royal crusade

V. Dreams of a Holy Roman Empire
    A.  Frederick I (1152-1190) seeks to gain effective control of Italy
         1. Pope organizes Italian cities to resist
         2. Excommunicates Frederick
         3. Cities and Pope defeat emperor, 1176

    B. Frederick II (1215-1250)
        1. Breaks vow to pope not to try to unite Italy
        2. Fulfills promise for crusade in a way that upsets the pope
        3. Pope calls crusade against Frederick

VI. Comparisons
    A. English and French monarchies grow strong, but not German
        1. English and French begin to develop government by consultation
    B. Serious conflict between church and state in all cases except Spain
    C. Legacy of these developments for subsequent eras